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 * Late MesoAmerican Societies**
 * Aztec Empire
 * Made up of states around Lake Texacoco modern day Mexico City
 * Tributary Empire
 * Took food, gold, and prisoners for protection
 * Prisoners were sacrificed at temples
 * Very wealthy with Gold
 * Fairly long distance trade
 * Limited due to lack of wheel
 * Currency was Coaco beans
 * Chinimpas
 * Floating fields in Lake Texacoco
 * Inca Empire
 * Located in the Andes Mountains
 * South America
 * Great road system
 * Linked the empire together
 * Messenger system
 * Rest Areas every few miles

Early Modern African States
 * Western Africa
 * Songhay Empire
 * Greatest expansion in 1464 under Sunni Ali
 * Elaborate administration
 * Powerful Army
 * Imperial Navy
 * Muslim Emperors
 * Engaged in the Trans-Saharan Trade
 * Collapsed in 1591
 * Moroccan armed with gunpowder
 * Revolts within the kingdom
 * replaced by regional kingdoms
 * Eastern Africa
 * Swahili City-Sates Downfall
 * Vasco de Gama of Portugal forced city-states to pay tribute in 1502
 * Portuguese Navy blockaded all ports in Eastern Africa
 * All trade stopped and city-states collapsed
 * Central Africa and South Africa
 * Kongo
 * Powerful after 14th century
 * Established Trade with Portugal in 1482
 * Slave Trade
 * Portuguese traded textiles, weapons, and advisors for Kongo gold, silver, ivory, and slaves
 * Slave Trade undermined authority of kings
 * Deteriorating Relations led to Civil War in 1665
 * Kongo King was decapitated
 * Kings converted to Christianity in 16th century
 * King Afonso
 * Ndongo
 * Modern Day Angola
 * Queen Nzinga
 * Led resistance to Portuguese, 1623-1663
 * Able to slow the Portuguese down, but not stop them
 * Became Portuguese Colony at the end of 17th century
 * Southern Africa
 * Dominated by regional kingdom
 * Great Zimbabwe
 * Europeans in South Africa
 * Portuguese and Dutch land at Cape of Good Hope
 * Dutch Trading Post at Cape of Good Hope
 * Increasing Dutch Settlers
 * drive away native Khoikhoi


 * Motives For Exploration**
 * Portugal
 * Resource Poor
 * Annexed the Canary, Azores, Cape Verde, and the Sao Tome Islands of the Atlantic
 * Conquered Swahili City-States of Eastern Africa
 * Sea domination didn't last
 * Low Populations
 * Conquered Ceuta, Morocco in 1415
 * Vasco de Gama landed at India in 1497
 * Establish Trading Post at Calicut
 * Spain
 * Christopher Colombus
 * Genoan Navigator
 * Set sailed west to find passage to East Indies
 * Landed in the Bahamas in 1492
 * Spain set-up Colonies in the Pacific
 * Searched for Gold
 * Little found
 * Set-up Sugar Cane Plantations
 * Magellan circumnavigates the globe
 * Portuguese Mariner working for Spain
 * Died in a conflict with Pacific Natives
 * Brought the Spanish to the Pacific
 * In search for resources
 * Spices
 * Gold
 * Silver
 * In search for Christian Converts
 * To battle the spread of Islam
 * Spain and the Americas
 * Cortes landed at Veracruz in 1519 with 450 men
 * Conquered the Aztec Empire by 1521
 * Founds New Spain
 * Francisco Pizarro enters South America
 * Fights the Incan Empire 1532-1533
 * Small Pox decimates the Incans before Pizarro's arrival
 * Spain controls all of the Incan Empire by 1540


 * Colonial Administrations**
 * Spanish Colonies
 * Backed by Royalty
 * Viceroys were sent to oversea colonies
 * Kept in check audiencias, a court apointed by the King of Spain
 * Portuguese Colonies
 * Brazil was given to Portuguese Nobles, by King of Portugal
 * A governor appointed by the King
 * Portugal was given Brazil under the Treaty of Tordesillas, which was mistaked by Spain
 * English and French Colonies
 * Did not have royal backing
 * Religious freedom
 * Self-governement for a long period of time
 * Australia
 * West explored by the Dutch
 * Found no spices or farmland
 * East explored by the James Cook
 * Penal Colony founded in 1788
 * A prison
 * Free Settlers outnumber Criminals by 1830s
 * Pacific Islands
 * Spanish move in after Magellan's voyage
 * Routine movements between Acapulco, Mexico and Manilla, Phillipines
 * Interest in Guam and the Marianas
 * Chamorro populations decimated by Small Pox


 * Colonial Society in the Western Hemisphere**
 * Spanish and Portuguese Settlements
 * Mestizo society emerges, a mix between races.
 * Crillos and Peninsulares were at the top of the hierarchy in colonial territory
 * Mestizos and Zambos performed much of the manuel labor because of their mixed race
 * Native Americans and Slaves were at bottom
 * North American Settlements
 * Greater gender balance
 * French Traders and Native American mingled and created métis people
 * English settlers disapproved of interacial marriages
 * Struggled early due to lack of crops
 * Trade neccessary
 * Cultural Borrowing such as crops, plants, and deerskin clothes


 * Labor Systems Across the Globe**
 * Russia
 * Surfdom in Russia
 * Peasents not allowed to leave land
 * Very Poor
 * No Political Authority before Czar Nicholas I
 * Refroms freed Serfs
 * Divided Farms
 * Gave a little political power
 * Colonial America
 * Spanish used Tainos to work on sugar plantations along with slaves in the Caribbean
 * Converted many to Catholicism
 * Many died of disease and the people died out
 * Haciendas provided foodstuffs for the local population
 * Free laborours worked until around 1650
 * Economienda System
 * Natives were forced to work
 * For protection
 * Christian Converts
 * Under the Mita System Native American 1/7 of its male population (Spanish Colonies)
 * Worked for 4 months
 * Paid Poorly
 * Harsh Working Conditions (Many Died)
 * Engenhos in Brazil
 * Specialized work
 * Lost 5-10% of work force annualy
 * Mixed Agricultural and Industrial Enterprise
 * Indetured Servitude
 * Europeans sold their working lives for passage across the Atlantic
 * Slavery
 * Mostly in the South
 * Cotton Plantations
 * Sugar Plantations

Political Systems of China and Europe
 * Europe
 * Absolute Monarchy
 * Russia and France
 * France increased state power
 * Relied on support from nobles and other social groups
 * Divine Rights of Kings
 * Reflected through centralization
 * Representative Governments
 * Netherlands, England, and Poland-Lithuania
 * Balance-of-Power Diplomacy
 * No state wanted one to dominate all the others
 * Prevented the building of Empire
 * Created Internal-Political Instability
 * China
 * Ming Dynasty
 * Poorly centralized
 * Used Mandarins and Eunuchs to govern regions
 * Divine Right of Emperor
 * Massive Armies
 * Qing Dynasty
 * Tightly Centralized
 * Use of Scholart Bureaucrats
 * Picked through extensive examination system
 * Divine Right of Emperor
 * Son of Heaven

For Additional Information Go to http://www.santasusana.org/library/apworldhistory/1450.html